Biography Panteleimon Kulish

The brightest talent of the XIX century, whose photo will be depicted on a bundle of hryvnia, but whose name, as a “Ukrainian landowner nationalist”, was first branded, then it was forbidden in the USSR, but also to this day causes the National Patriots of Independent Ukraine. Panteleimon Kulish, who was too diverse and multifaceted, who: together with Taras Shevchenko in the 19th century was considered the ancestors of classical Ukrainian poetry and even competed in some ways.

The younger Kulish gave a worthy of the great Kulish with dignity, becoming his first scrupulous and good as a sympathetic critic, then he called himself the “successor of Kobzar” in the collection “Before Dawn”, continuing the style of early romantic work of T. in his poetry in his poetry, he used many creative pseudonyms, among them the most famous ones: Panko Kazyuk, Panko Olelkovich, Pavlovich.

Rate, Khutorin and others. Kulish was arrested, but after the "sincere repentance" he was sent to a 3-year link to Tula, unlike Shevchenko, sent by a soldier to Orenburg, or Kostomarov-to Saratov; He became the author of the Ukrainian alphabet - "Kuleshovka" - one of the first versions of Ukrainian grammar, which formed the basis of the modern Ukrainian language and named after the author.

Why does Ukrainian nationalists do not like him? Kulish, like many outstanding people, was full of contradictions. From the ardent revolutionary, he turned into a monarchist, from a supporter of Ukrainian independence to a conservative and defender of the rights of the Romanov House to the so -called Little Russia.

The evolution of Kulish's views is largely due to the stages of his life path. His ardent, emotional nature constantly demanded new, often categorical, decisions, forcing Panteleimon Alexandrovich often rush to extremes. The mutually exclusive conclusions of the author made with a difference of several years are confused by his biographers and connoisseurs of creativity, especially when, after the Tsarist Emsk decree, most of the works of Kulish written in Ukrainian were prohibited in tsarist Russia.

Many convinced Ukrainophiles subsequently avoided the mention of Kulish, considering the great figure of the national revival, almost a traitor for his critical attitude to the Cossack movement and not only. At the same time, the Soviet government also did not complain to the former Cyril-Methodius, despite his revolutionary. Kulisha was not mentioned, and he himself was subjected to an ideological taboo as "the Ukrainian bourgeois-landing nationalist." So, the great poet, writer, historian, ethnographer, translator, editor, literary critic, the publisher became “strangers among his own” both in tsarist Russia, the USSR, and in independent Ukraine.

Kulish's main merits to Ukraine. Panteleimon Aleksandrovich was born in the family of the landowner in Glukhovsky district of the Poltava province. Then Kulish was seriously carried away by literature. He made his debut in the Almanac "Kyivian", where his "Little Russian Stories" were published in Russian, and in the magazine "Lastivka" in the year, the Russian -speaking story "Mikhailo Chernyshenko, or Little Russia, was published, or Little Russia, eighty years ago", in which the author condemned Ukrainian youth, divorced from their homeland.

Then Kulish publishes the poem "Ukraine" in Ukrainian, in it he tries to recreate the history of his homeland on the basis of folk tales and thoughts. Panteleimon Aleksandrovich and the idyllistic genre were not alien in his work, for example, in the poem "Oriy", in the best Gogol traditions, he painted romantic paintings from the then fashionable Little Russian life. Working as an archaeographer under the command of M.

Maksimovich, the young writer met, and later came close to Kyiv intellectuals N. Kostomarov, M. Gulak, V. In the year, Kulish joined the Cyril-Mephodian brotherhood, which carried plans for the future structure of a fair society. Together with friends and associates, Panteleimon Kulish condemned the despotic, system of the Russian Empire and especially serfdom, professed the ideals of freedom, civil rights, the fraternity of all Slavic peoples and the future federation based on democratic principles.

Let us not forget that then throughout Europe among the educated class, interest in the common people sharply increased. In the Russian Empire, this trend was manifested in Slavophilism. Interestingly, the Cyril-Methodius wanted to create a single federation of all Slavic peoples with a center in Kyiv, and Ukraine was supposed to enter it as an absolutely equal participant.

Like Kostomarov, Kulish adhered to liberal Christian truth, a little with a mystical shade of views, but he had a more Ukrainophile bias. In addition, at that time, the writer was seriously carried away by the philosophical works of Spinoza and Hegel, and also paid much attention to the study of the work of Western European, Polish and Russian romantics.All these hobbies, as well as the deep religiosity of Panteleimon Aleksandrovich, did not pass without a trace and over the years more distinctly in his literary work, in which, among other things, the deep influence of the Kyiv spiritual and philosophical school, especially the ideas of Gregory of the pan, was felt.

After the police disclosed the activities of this political circle, its members were repressed. Kulish escaped with a rather slight punishment: he was exiled to Vyatka, and later in Tula Shevchenko, for example, was given to soldiers for 10 years. First, the text of the sentence spoke about the four months of imprisonment in the Peter and Paul Fortress. Thanks to the petition of friends, the punishment was replaced by a settlement under the supervision of the police first in Vyatka, and then in Tula and the prohibition to be printed.

Kulish returned quite soon from the exile, after a repentant letter addressed to Emperor Nicholas I, the Ukrainian was allowed to return, and in the year he already appeared in the Russian capital. In the year, Kulish finished his historical novel "Black Rada, Chronicle of the Year", which he worked for more than 10 years. In St. Petersburg, the active Kulish arranges a Ukrainian printing house, where he printed the works of T.

Shevchenko, I. Kotlyarevsky, G. Kvitka, Marco Vovchka. He collaborates with the magazine "Basis", publishes the almanac "Huta", translates the writings of W. Shakespeare, J. Byron, I. Goethe, F. Schiller, G. Heine, A. Mitskievich, A. Pushkin and others. The author of the first Ukrainian grammar. Panteleimon Aleksandrovich, among other things, is also a developer of modern Ukrainian spelling: he created by him the primer "Gramatka" was reprinted in Russia twice - in the years.

At the end of the 10s, many former members of the Cyril-Methodius fraternity gathered in St. Petersburg, in particular N. Kostomarov, V. Belozersky, etc., in particular, then in Russia a lot said about the need to reform the public education system, and even at the government level the issue of the possibility of opening Ukrainian schools was raised. It was for the needs of Ukrainian elementary schools that Panteleimon Kulish, in the year, prepared and published his famous "grammar" better known as Kuleshovka.

The new alphabet was first used in “Notes of South Rus'” in the city of Translator “Bible”. Panteleimon Aleksandrovich also used his author’s system of Ukrainian spelling, the so -called Kuleshovka, and also when translating the “Bible”. This translation caused the indignation of Ukrainophiles and representatives of the clergy, both Orthodox and Uniate. In addition, with the preparation of the translation, problems of a purely mystical nature occurred.

The second translation option, made jointly with Ivan Puluy and Ivan Nechui-Levitsky, saw in Russia light only in the year, many years after the death of Panteleimon Aleksandrovich. In Lviv, the Ukrainian edition was published much earlier - in the city, surprisingly, but in independent Ukraine, the first edition of this translation was only a year. Biography of Panteleimon Kulisha.

He studied at the Novgorod-Sea gymnasium, where he was seriously interested in Ukrainian folklore. However, he did not finish the gymnasium, starting to engage in private tutoring. Kulish attends lectures at Kiev University as a free listener. In gg. Maksimovich prints the ethnographic essays of P. Kulisha "Little Russian Stories", and E. Grebinka in the Almanac "Swallow" - his story "Gypsies.

Excerring of a fairy tale". There, he begins to work in the archaeographic commission M. M. travels a lot in the right -bank Ukraine, collecting folklore and studying historical documents. Writes and publishes the story "Mikhail Charneshenko, or Little Russia eighty years ago" and the epic "Ukraine". In the year I received a business trip to Poland to learn languages, life, history and culture of the Western Slavs.

Kulish opens his own publishing house, where he begins to print the works of Ukrainian writers. It was in this printing house that the collection "Folk Stories" Marco Vovchok first saw the light. Kostomarov, T. Shevchenko and V. Belozersky create the Society of Gromada in St. Petersburg. The last years of his life, the famous writer spent a recluse on his farm Motronovka, in the Chernihiv region.

A collection of poems “Bell”, the poem “Marusia Boguslavka” and many other works were born there, and numerous translations into the Ukrainian language from the Bible were made, V. Goethe, F. interesting facts from the life of Panteleimon Kulisha. Panteleimon Kulisha’s father came from the Cossack foreman, belonged to the nobility, but lost the right to him, because he personally was engaged in agriculture on his own farm.

Primary education P. Kulish received at home from the older sister of Lesya. His mother was illiterate, but from her the future writer learned a huge number of Ukrainian folk songs, fairy tales and sayings. Later, she became a famous Ukrainian writer, who was published under the pseudonym Gann Barvinok. Since the 19ths of the XIX century, Kulish writes mainly in Russian, and the tone of his works is radically changing.

In the years, his three -volume "History of the Reunification of Rus'" is released, in which the Union of Ukraine with Russia is glorified.