The biography of the merchant Rukavishnikov

VAES L. Enlightened owner - Sergey Mikhailovich Rukavishnikov Abstract. The results of archival research and restoration work on architectural structures built by the Nizhny Novgorod merchant S. Rukavishnikov allowed to revise the historically established stereotypes in assessing the personality of their creator and present him as a person with an active creative beginning, the activity of which is an example of the successful use of innovation of his time.

Key words: S. Rukavishnikov, provincial entrepreneur, city and rural estates, architectural style, building materials, “exemplary economy”, technology. Open the PDF file often happens that once a characteristic given by someone is “glued” to a person for life. Human rumor “finishes” someone’s started portrait, as a result, creating an image that does not correspond to the hero under discussion.

Obviously, this happened in relation to Sergey Mikhailovich Rukavishnikov. There was a common opinion that he, as a “non -employed man,” who showed little “Milion,” lived on interest on income and spent his father’s inheritance on the construction of a luxurious palace on the Volga slope in Nizhny Novgorod. Modern researchers, relying on generally accepted “stamps”, call S. Rukavishnikov “sufficiently an ordinary, ordinary person” [1].

Complex restoration work of GG. Sergei Mikhailovich can rightfully be called the “builder”, who lived “in the leg”, was aware of the stylistic directions fashionable for his time. To carry out the plan, he attracted talented architects. The main role in the reconstruction of the house on the Verkhne-Volga embankment was played by a native of Nizhny Novgorod, Moscow architect Peter Samoilovich Fighters, who is now called the "unrecognized genius of eclecticism." As a result of the first experience of the young Boytsov, a luxurious palace was created a general style solution to the construction is a great example of the style of “historicism”, which is so characteristic of the last third of the nineteenth century.

Therefore, the common joke of the Soviet era, glorifying the illiteracy of the rich merchant Rukavishnikov, who to the question of the architect: “In what style to build a palace? The Palazzo Palace erected on the Volga slope became an example of “rampant eclecticism”, characteristic of that time. The rich decoration of the facades of the building corresponds to the interiors of the inner chambers of the house.

The decoration of the halls of the front -line announcement of the second floor includes elements of almost all known styles with the exception of Gothic. Demonstrating the prestige and wealth, the mansion set a certain level and status of the subsequent development of the Upper Volga Embankment with representative houses. The age of the nineteenth focused, and all types of art swept over a new style - the Art Nouveau style.

In the architectural appearance of Nizhny Novgorod there are buildings of a different, new type. Among them are the bank building on Rozhdestvenskaya Street st. Rozhdestvenskaya, 23, built by S. Rukavishnikov in the city, it is created according to the project of the famous architect, the founder of Art Nouveau in Russia Fedor Osipovich Shekhtel. It is noteworthy that the bank was built simultaneously with the printing house of the Ryabushinsky Morning of Russia on a passionate boulevard in Moscow, the author of the project of which is also Shekhtel.

The bank in Nizhny Novgorod is close by the strict and concise composition of the typography of the Ryabushinsky ... The facade of the Bank for Christmas is a vivid example of a rationalistic modernity ”[2]. Being a passionate fan of the entire Ultramodnoye, S. in the Nizhny Novgorod estate, without destroying the old house, he “built” him into the walls of the new Dovor house.

In the Bogorodsky rural estate, he masterfully “turned over” the old master’s house, walled up by the former front door and arranging a front door from the river over the cliff. Even in the construction of the bank building, an unusual solution has been developed: the building consists of two buildings that came out on the street. Both buildings were interconnected, but had different layouts and facades.

It was erected on the wave of a new style, closely related to new designs, new building materials and naturally assumed the creation of rationalistic works. Rukavishnikov was indeed an “enlightened” master. He did not just build-he built qualitatively, soundly, for centuries: “They built it so that not only on the day when the forests are falling, but for many, many years there was no house in the city, that house is equal” 3.

Only reliable building materials were used. If you took facing tiles, so high -quality branded Metlakhskaya, because it had high operational properties. In most parameters, such tiles are close to modern porcelain tiles. Its technical indicators are tested, evidence of this - good preservation of the ceramic Metla tile in historical interiors of the buildings of Rukavishnikov in Nizhny Novgorod and the rural estate of the garter.

We cannot refuse to wealthy Sergei Mikhailovich practicality.When choosing glass for the construction of four of his greenhouses, he stops his attention on the invention of the Swiss architect Gustav Falconyon. The transparent and light glass of the Falcony system was used where there was a lot of light. The advantage of this material is also that glass blocks are “stones”, as they were then called for strength and durability, containing air, did not sweat and did not freeze.

If we take into account that the moment of this invention in the city of its greenhouses was an impressive building “17x5 fathoms, the front wall and sides of the stone, the back wall and the roof of glass, in the iron frames, is divided into a greenhouse consisting of 3 rooms, a boiler house of steam heating in 1 room” [4]. The glass of Falconya was widespread at the turn of the 19th-XX centuries in the architectural structures of Moscow and St.

Petersburg, but was much less common in the province. Therefore, in this case, Sergei Mikhailovich Rukavishnikov was not inferior in his requests and in construction practice to a prestigious metropolitan level.

The attitude to the technical equipment of almost all Rukavishnikov’s buildings was similar. During the construction of his Palazzo in Nizhny Novgorod, Sergei Mikhailovich thought over everything to the smallest detail in order to ensure the most comfortable life in the House-Dovorz. According to the plans of the enlightened owner, everything should have been as convenient as possible and correspond to the latest achievements of world housing progress of that time.

He wanted to have water or steam heating in the house, cold and hot water in washbasins, a forced ventilation system, gas lighting, watercolois, refrigerator. The performer was chosen by the famous world, the leading Russian company San Galli, which demonstrated reliability and quality of work. The device of heating systems was one of the specifications of this plant, the first in Russia had a pipe casting department used for steam and water heating.

In addition, by the middle of the x. In addition, it was famous for the casting of cast -iron stairs, balconies, grilles and all kinds of ornamental jewelry. Perhaps the openwork garden grilles and stairs of the main house of the Rukavishnikov estate were made by the same manufacturer. Already in the process of building the palace on the embankment, in July, in this regard, a special one -story stone building is being built on its territory for the location of the locomotive.

This mechanical device was intended for pumping water into new buildings of the estate. And in the city of water supply began behind the fence of the estate on Malaya Pecherskaya Street, Piskunov now near the fountain, which was in the courtyard of the estate. The tap well with the remains of cast -iron pipes and locking valves has still been preserved, one of which regulated the pressure of water in the fountain.

From the city water supply for branching, the water by means of a steam drive by a locomotive was supplied to the storage steel pwarled tank in the attic of the house, and from there it was headed depending on the purpose of the estate. Water pipes were made from cast iron and lead. A large number of pipes of various diameters were found during the restoration of the premises on all floors of the building, both in the ceilings and in the walls under layers of plaster.

On the second floor, in the half of the mistress of the house in a small boudoir, the washbasin of gray marble with a mirror was preserved in a very good condition. A brass crane, siphon, cleaning is practically no different from modern ones. After multiple reconstructions and repairs today, it is quite difficult to accurately establish the location of the wash and toilet rooms, but, based on a developed water supply system and its possible performance, we can unequivocally say that washbasins and latrines were arranged on each floor [5].

The uniqueness of the main house of the slope of the slope consists precisely that the details and elements of household systems have not only been preserved to this day, but they acted until recently. The heating system was maintained in working condition to G. obvious that Sergei Mikhailovich, as a person who, in a businesslike way, assessed the economic situation developing in post-reform Russia, turns his attention to the estate of the nobles of the Globons-“Gulf” in the Gorbatovsky district of the Nizhny Novgorod province.

Having completed the arrangement of his new city estate in Nizhny Novgorod, in the city of decline the noble estates of that time experienced a difficult period of transformation, adaptation to new conditions. They became the basis for the emergence of “exemplary farms”, whose economic life was already built, mainly on market principles. These were quite previously developed for their time for savings, in which, as a rule, agricultural production was combined with the processing of products ...

In fact, the owners of such estates gradually became provincial entrepreneurs who sought to maximize the economic efficiency of their farms [6].Rukavishnikov creatively approached everything he did. This concerned not only his architectural and construction matters. He used the best world technologies in all areas, whether it was agriculture, floriculture, livestock, dairy production and much more.

Evidence of this was the exemplary economy created by him in the rural estate "Gart". It was here that the magazines on agriculture from Germany, England, whose information allowed to learn about all new inventions in terms of machines, equipment and technologies, were specially issued. Here it was possible not only to theoretically study everything new, but also to see the practical embodiment of the achievements of the progress of that time.

The practicality and ease of use in combination with aesthetics and reliability distinguished the buildings of the estate. Everything was struck by everything: greenhouses with a mechanically rising and descending roof, an aquarium with fish of rare breeds, a water -bearing tower with uninterrupted water supply, forge and windmills, a bakery and a fish glacier, a cheese man and a dairy with a refrigerator of the Alpha Nobel company and three alpha lavale separators.

Having learned from a foreign journal about the technology of milk pasteurization, Sergei Mikhailovich immediately discharged a pasteurizer from abroad, and began to produce unsalted butter from pasteurized milk the first in the Nizhny Novgorod province. Packaged in 5-pound, 1-pound, 0.5 and 0, pound forms with the Rukavishnikov Farm label made according to Shekhtel's drawings, oil entered the shops of Moscow and Nizhny Novgorod.

It was sold in a pound by 5 kopecks more than other oil, and this was very proud of S. Rukavishnikov [7]. The famous provincial agronomist A. Portugalov was carried out on the estate experiments with grass -sowing, artificial fertilizers. New agricultural wishes were tested here, in particular, the jackets of the Colombia, the company of "Iznoskov and Zukkau", advanced machines and equipment were discharged from Germany and America [8].

The agronomists and livestock experts who came to Nizhny considered it an honor to visit the famous exemplary economy, students of the Moscow Agricultural Institute more than once passed practice here. Still! Indeed, on the farms of Rukavishnikov there was the best milk cattle, which he “discharged” from Germany. Now few people know that the famous high -eating “Krasnogorbatov” breed is the breed of “Rukavishnikov cows” [9].

The equestrian horses of the hereditary honorary citizen Sergei Mikhailovich Rukavishnikov, who was located under the village of Zhavyazye, near the station of the Moscow-Nizhny Novgorod Railway, was also known at one time.