Biography Religion of Islam

They believe that there is only one single god who has created the world and everything that fills it. P-Arabic God-Allah. Also called God and Arabic -speaking Christians. Muslims believe in angels and demons, whom God created to a man, in the prophets, most of whom are identified with the biblical characters of Ibrahim - Abraham, Musa - Moses and even Isis - Jesus Christ, and, like Jews and Christians, expect the coming of Messiah Mahdi at the end of time.

Islam is the fastest growing world religion: today in the world more than one and a half billion of its followers. What is the Quran Koran. Iran, the year The Metropolitan Museum of Art “For Muslims, God has become a book” - this statement characterizes the status of the Holy Scriptures in Islam as well as possible. Translated from Arabic, Al-Kuran means "reading aloud." The fact is that this is how the Prophet Muhammad received revelations from God.

Once in a dream, someone with a sweat appeared to him and ordered: “Read! Frightened, Muhammad asked what exactly he should read - and then the first words of the Qur'an sounded: "Read in the name of your Lord." The mysterious stranger who appeared Muhammad is usually identified with the Archangel Gabriel. The Qur'an is divided into chapters - sura, and those, in turn, are verses into poetry.

The sequence of Sur in the Qur'an, with some exceptions, is determined by their size - long at the beginning, shorter - at the end. At the same time, long suras are considered later obtained by Muhammad after relocation from Mecca to Medina. Who is Muhammad Prophet Muhammad on Mount Hira. Miniature from the manuscript of Sier-and Nebi. There are several authoritative meetings of the hadiths of the VIII -XI centuries, the compilers of which carefully studied the history of the oral transmission of all the hadiths: the chain of transmitters from a particular associate of Muhammad and then should be continuous, and their biography is impeccable.

What do we know about Muhammad? In addition to the main local shrine - black stone according to Muslim legend, Adam received this stone from God, leaving paradise. Muhammad was orphaned early, and his uncle, Abu Talib, took up his upbringing. The first wife of Muhammad was the rich widow of Hadija. It was she who and the cousin of Muhammad Ali were the first to recognize him as a prophet and accepted Islam.

For about a year, Muhammad began his sermon, urging the Arabs to reject the false gods and worship a single god. However, the sermon was not successful, and after 12 years, the Prophet, along with a few supporters, had to leave Mecca. Then he settled in the city of Yasrib, where he already had more followers. The relocation of Arab. The pagan sanctuary of the Kaaba, cleared of idols, has become the main shrine of Islam - and remains her so far.

His followers did this. How Shiites differ from the Sunnis Islam is not homogeneous, there are several currents in it. The most famous and numerous branches of Islam - Sunnis, which means “adherents of the Sunnah” - although the Sunna has its own Sunna and Shiites and Shiites from Arab. Ali investigature in Gadir-Khum. But in the year Ali was killed, and the community split completely.

In total, the majority of Shiites recognize twelve imams. It says that Muhammad ibn al-Hasan was Mahdi-Messiah-and will come again at the end of time. Modern spiritual leaders of Shiites are governors of hidden imam. Inside Shiism and Sunnism, there are also different schools. In addition, in Islam there is a special mystical direction - Sufism. The name Sufism probably comes from the Arabic word of Suf-wool, from which Muslim mystics-abstracts-Sufis wore.

In Sufism, the role of a mentor - Sheikh, the example and instructions of which is followed by his students - Murida. Sufi orders - the tariffs - developed in the XI -XII centuries, each of them had special practices and insignia. Approximately the same time, a special Sufi philosophy took shape, which, in particular, was reflected in the poetry of Omar Khayyam, Umar Ibn al-Farid and others.

What are the responsibilities of five fundamental principles, or pillars, Islam, go back to the prophet Muhammad and are known from the Muslim tradition-Sunnah. They are called pillars because they represent a kind of foundation in the foundation of Islam. Praying in the mosque. Miniature from manuscript. The pronunciation of these words in the presence of two Muslim men is the main condition for the adoption of Islam.

The second pillar is a five -time prayer, which should be performed by turning face towards Mecca. You can pray both individually and together. On Friday, it is customary to make an afternoon prayer in the mosque. The third pillar - the alms that adult Muslims with the necessary minimum funds must be paid in favor of the poor. The fourth pillar is a post a month of Ramadan, when it is forbidden to eat and drink in the daytime.

The fifth pillar is the pilgrimage of Hajj in Mecca to the Kaaba, which at least once in his life should be committed by a Muslim, if health and means allows him. Another duty of a Muslim is Jihad Arab. In some Muslim communities, in addition, there are local pre -Islamic customs - adat.How is the mosque of the Aiya-Sofia mosque. Engraving from Adrian Reland's book “Verhandeling Van de Godsdienst der Mahometaanen”.

Inside the mosque in the prayer hall, there is definitely a special niche in the wall - Mihrab. It indicates the prayers in which direction Mecca is located. Women and men pray separately. The functions of the clergyman are performed by Mulla Arab. Whether the images are prohibited in Islam, the belief is widespread that the images of people and animals are prohibited in Islam. However, there is no such ban in the Qur'an itself.

The world of Seyid Ali. Frontispket to Hamse Nizami Ganzhevi. A striking example of this is the Persian miniature on which you can see images of not only ordinary mortals, but even the Prophet Muhammad. As for amateur photos, there is no consensus, however, even liberal spiritual authorities recommend keeping photos of family members in albums, and not keep in sight. What is a halal in the broad sense of the Halal denotes all the permitted by Muslims, the Antonym Halal - Haram, “forbidden”.

For the prohibited, for example, pork, as well as the meat of permitted animals of beef, lamb, etc., is allowed to use prohibited products, but only in the minimum amount necessary to maintain life. Photo of Sergei Prokudin-Gorsky. Samarkand, for about a year, Paransa is also known as a bourgeon - female outerwear covering the body from head to toe, with a net covering his face.

The regions of distribution are Central Asia and the Middle East. Algeria, about a year of Nikab - a female headdress with a slot for the eyes. It is also found in Afghanistan, Pakistan, Bangladesh, etc. Egypt, the first half of the 20th century Hijab is a female headdress, which is a scarf covering the head and chest. The face remains open. The tradition of wearing this or that clothing is rather due to local traditions than the prescriptions of the Qur'an, which are quite general.

So, in the Qur'an in the Sura “Light” we read: “Tell the believing women to lower their eyes and keep their modesty. And so that they do not flaunt their beauty; They did not dress up and did not paint for the sake of attracting the attention of outsiders, except for only what is obvious. And let them throw a scarf on the chest. What are the holidays of the holiday of the Disgences of the Al-Fiter in Pakistan.

One of the main holidays is the sacrifice that is known in Russia under the Turkic name Kurban Bayram. On this day, Muslims sacrifice animals in memory of the prophet Ibragim Abraham and his readiness to sacrifice the God of his own son. The festival of conversation in the Tyurkian Uraza Bayram ends a post per month of Ramadan. It is believed that it was this night that Muhammad received the first divine revelation.

Later, during Islamic conquests, the status of Zimmi Arab. The Muslim government allowed Zimmi to freely profess its faith, provided that the special tax was paid and the maintenance of loyalty to Muslims. Separate prohibitions could be temporary - introduced and canceled in different territories.