Lomonosov Wikipedia Biography briefly

Denisovka, Arkhangelsk lips. Currently, much, which seemed to be unclear in Lomonosov’s life, especially, for example, the events of his childhood and youth before arriving in St. Petersburg, receives new lighting thanks to the documents published in connection with the celebration of his two hundredth anniversary of his birth; Together with the material extracted from the archives of the Academy of Sciences, it is now the opportunity to give a more complete and, most importantly, more accurate biographical outline of Lomonosov, based on documentary data, and not on jokes of contemporaries.

In the same way - when the scientific manuscripts of Lomonosov, preserved in the archives of the Academy, are searched and dismantled and printed in the outgoing academic publication of Lomonosov’s works representing the first, really complete collection of everything he wrote; When the works of Lomonosov, a professor of chemistry and scientist, in the field of natural sciences received the same detailed assessment from experts that we have long already had for the activities of Lomonosov as a philologist, writer and poet - we can finally get a more complete idea of ​​the enormous significance of everything made by Lomonosov both for the Russian language and science in general.

Lomonosov’s father, Vasily Dorofeev Lomonosov, was one of the most prosperous and entrepreneurial hemors of the beginning of the 18th century, which had undoubtedly outstanding observation and great natural mind; According to the then prosperity, he was a prosperous man who owned several ships and land on the Kurostroovs of the Northern Dvina, against the mountains.

Kholmogor, near the village of Denisovka. The first time he married the daughter of the deacon of the village of Nikolaevsky Matigor, Elena Ivanovna Sivkova; From this marriage was born in the year, probably November 8, their only son - Mikhailo Vasiliev Lomonosov. The childhood of Lomonosov flowed in the usual conditions of the life of Pomors: until 10 years he remained at home, and since that time his father began to take him with him every year to fish in order to teach his son to this matter from an early age.

Together with his father, he also often visited his relatives in Arkhangelsk, where, of course, he met a lot of interesting and instructive. Lomonosov went to fishing until 19 years old and during this time I saw a lot on the white and Arctic seas. One cannot but be surprised at the attentiveness with which he observed all the manifestations of the northern nature, customs and lifestyle of the inhabitants, animals, and accuracy with which he remembered everything that was seen; Subsequently, Lomonosov often used these youthful observations in his academic works.

There is no doubt that the general development received by Lomonosov at this time was quite versatile: not to mention the commercial business itself, he studied the salt affairs at the Pomeranian Salvarks of the White Sea, from which he bought salt for fishing; I also met many crafts at the Vavchuzhsky shipyard known at that time, in miles from the resort, which built not only trade, but also warships.

In connection with the grandiose phenomena of nature that excited the lively interest, it is quite natural that in Lomonosov a passionate desire to study those exact sciences that would allow to know the essence of these phenomena closer. Lomonosov learned to literacy early; His successes were amazing, since, according to the surviving Izvestia, he had read psalms and canons in the parish church for 12 years better than other, more old reinforcements.

At first, he had access only to spiritual books, and then he found a Grammar of Small's grammar and the encyclopedia of the exact sciences of Magnitsky called "arithmetic" in a neighbor Dudin and quickly learned their content. Lomonosov’s mother died when he was still a baby; His father soon married a second time at Theodore Mikhailovna Uska, who died on June 14 This second stepmother Lomonosov, probably an elderly and grumpy woman, disliked Mikhail and did not miss the opportunity to restore her father against him; She especially did not like the boy’s addiction to books.

This family oppression over time became more unbearable; In addition, Lomonosov could no longer learn something in his homeland: although the Slavic-Latin school was opened in Kholmogory, but he could not enter it-they did not accept the peasants laid down in a poll salary. These two reasons probably forced Lomonosov to decide to leave his homeland and go to where they did not know that he was a peasant.

His choice naturally fell on Moscow, with which Pomors had lively trade relations. This intention of Lomonosov was implemented in the year. In the volost book of the Kurostrov, it is written: "The year, December 7 days, Mikhailo Vasiliev Lomonosov was released to Moscow and the sea until September of the pre -wrecking year." Lomonosov himself talks about his departure as follows: “Last year, on December, in 9, with the permission of the Onov’s father, he departed him, Lomonosov, to Moscow, which was given to him and Pashport in Moscow Lomonosov arrived at the very beginning of January Dutikova; At the end of January, he filed a petition for admission to the Slavic-Greco-Latin Academy at the Zaikonospaspsk Monastery.Archimandrite Herman ordered Lomonosov to interrogate Lomonosov, at which he showed that he was a noble son from the city of Kholmogor; Satisfied with this, Archimandrite accepted him to the Academy by decree of the Synod of June 7, "landowner people and peasant children, also incomprehensible and evil to renounce and never accept those." In the fall of the year, Lomonosov did not return to his homeland; According to the Zemsky Kurostrovsky volost, Guryev, "the order of the then auditor Lermantov is shown on the run, for the sake of the sake of the senior salary and turned off.

And the payment of per capita money for the soul of Mikhail Lomonosov took place at the death of his father, from the second year until the second year, from the worldly Toy Kurostrovsky volost from the peasants from the peasants." At the Academy, Lomonosov with great zeal set about Latin, at that time - the vestibule of all sciences: a year later he had already learned it very thoroughly.

But then Lomonosov suffered disappointment: the exact sciences, to which he was so striving, at the Academy, his situation was not taught in all respects very difficult, as the students received 3 kopecks on all of poverty. Probably, the difficult financial situation forced Lomonosov in the year to take a risky step: at that time the priest was required for the eastern expedition, and Lomonosov declared his desire to be such.

At the interrogation he had shown that his father is the Pop of the Church of the Blessed Virgin Mary in Kholmogory, during secondary interrogation in the chamber college, perhaps frightened by severe punishment for a false testimony, he told himself the whole truth and at the end of the testimony expressed his desire to study at the Academy as much as it was known, the purely testimony did not leave Lomonosov, and he was left at the academy.

At the end of the same year, already in philosophy, he, at his request, was sent to the Kyiv Theological Academy, then famous for his scientists; But Lomonosov did not find in Kyiv the teaching of accurate sciences and returned to Moscow in the year. It is not known what plans he had at that time to fulfill his cherished desire to become a scientist; But then a happy case came to the rescue, giving him everything that previously seemed completely inaccessible to the peasant.

In the year, Baron Korf was appointed the main commander of the Academy of Sciences in St. Petersburg. According to Peter the Great, the Academy was supposed to pursue both scientific and educational goals at the same time, and gymnasium and university were established with it; To replenish these educational institutions bar. Korf turned on May 13., however, only 12, and among them was Mikhailo Lomonosov; They arrived in the capital on New Year's Eve and were enrolled in university students: from this day, Lomonosov’s life and activities until his death are inextricably linked with the Academy of Sciences.

Meanwhile, fate prepared a new surprise to Lomonosov. For a Siberian expedition, it took a chemist familiar with metallurgy and mining. There was no such academy at that time; Therefore, they decided to send abroad, to Freiberg, to the Saxon metallurgist Genkel, three students for teaching chemistry and metallurgy. The choice fell on Muscovites Lomonosov and Vinogradov and the son of the Rayiser Mountain Advisor; They were given a good content of rub.

Wolf, who consisted of a member S. Lomonosov immediately set about these sciences and new languages ​​and thoroughly met them in two and a half years, held by him in Marburg; We have come up with commendable reviews given by Lomonosov by Wolf and Duising, who taught chemistry. After the harsh severity of the theological Academy and the University of St. Petersburg, our young people found themselves in the free atmosphere of the German University, among cheerful youth; They had significant amounts of money at their disposal; It is quite natural that under such conditions the wildness of morals and non -blessing appeared, the instructions were forgotten, and Kateles became about the day.

Lomonosov and their comrades began to make debts, and by July, G. with creditors had to pay Wolf himself until the Academy of Sciences sent him money; A new instruction was given from the baron of Korf, much more strict; The annual content of each student was brought to rub. In Freiber, metallurgy and mining work first went smoothly under the leadership of Genkel - at that time a very famous metallurgist; But then between Lomonosov and he occurred a number of clashes, which ended that Lomonosov left Freiberg in May, returned to Marburg and married there on June 6 to the daughter of church foreman Elizabeth Tsilch.

Nobody knew about this marriage, so for several years everyone considered Lomonosov a single one. However, a quiet marital life continued for long: a return to Russia was to.After a failed attempt to return to Petersburg through Amsterdam, Lomonosov on the return path to Marburg was recruited to the Prussian hussar regiment, which stood in the fortress of Vysel; From here, after a few weeks, he managed to escape even after different adventures to return to Marburg, where he spent the winter, and in the spring, according to the order received from the academy, one, without his wife, went to his homeland through Lubeche.

He apparently did not undergo any penalties for this; He was taken by two rooms in the Academic House along the second line of the Vasilievsky Island, behind the Middle Avenue, where the Academic Garden and the Botanical Garden were now placed between the first and second lines, the Roman-Catholic spiritual academy is now located here. Lomonosov presented examples of his knowledge to the Academy - two dissertations; For several months he had no certain classes, while finally, on the request, where he indicated that he could well train students and compose new books, Lomonosov was not produced on January 8 of the year as an adjunct by the Academy in the physical class with a salary of rubles.

The palace coup that occurred shortly before the Palace Revolution, elevated to the throne the daughter of Peter the Great, Elizabeth; The general hostile attitude towards the Germans also affected the Academy of Sciences, which at that time consisted almost exclusively of foreigners, and many took advantage of it to accuse the German ruler of the office, Schumacher, to assign state money, illegally disposal by all the affairs of the academy, etc.

In these accusations, Lomonosov did not take part, but the general mood reflected both on it and led to a long series of scandals, and led. drunk; Until April next year, we constantly find the complaints of academicians to Lomonosov, appealed to the investigation commission appointed to clarify the guilt of Schumacher, where he was accused of interrupting the conference meetings with obscene antics, of insulting her members, in atrocities in the geographical department.

The commission several times called Lomonosov for interrogation and then decided, on May 28, to arrest him and keep it under guard. In this state, without money for lack of those at the Academy, the salary was not given Lomonosov until January 18 of the city. An apology to the conference was brought by Lomonosov on January 27, and in June, according to the highest command, the salary in the same size was restored.

These affairs remained without movement for many years and were in production even in the years, when Lomonosov has long been no longer alive. In the years, Lomonosov gave his first literary works that really liked the court and attracted the attention of the reading public; He also took part, as far as possible, in university teaching and did not stop working on his scientific dissertations, especially during the arrest.

Back in Marburg, he began to develop ways to apply mathematics to chemistry and physics; With this question, he now began and came to very interesting results, which I will say about in the second part of this essay. By this time, the poet’s reputation was also established behind Lomonosov, and his odes, composed in all kinds of solemn cases, brought him fame at the court. The time of the time of the time of Lomonosov from Marburg to St.

Petersburg is usually attributed to this period of time; However, I think, likely, that this happened later, approximately a year. It was still not possible to find any data on this subject. Upon returning at the beginning of the year of the imperial court to St. Petersburg from Moscow, Lomonosov filed for the highest name at that time at the Presidential Academy, there was no petition for the production of his chemistry professor, where he reminded the promise to make him a professor on his return from abroad, pointed out his education and his works over the past two years.

Upon consideration of this petition, the Academic Assembly decided to offer Lomonosov to write a dissertation in metallurgy; This was the last fulfilled very soon, and upon approval of the essay "On the Grace of Metals", the Academy introduced the Senate to the appointment of him as a professor.

The financial situation of Lomonosov improved from production by the professor: the salary salary increased to rubles. In addition, he, together with the adjunct Miller, as guarantors had to pay rubles for the predecessor of Lomonosov, Professor Gmelin, who went on vacation abroad and did not return from there; Subsequently, Gmelin returned this money. In the year, Lomonosov was given in the same house where he lived, a large apartment, which occupied almost the entire house.

Also, Lomonosov and his scientific activity won from the new situation, and besides dissertations in the years, he translated the “experimental physics” of Wolf, printed in the year and quickly dispersed. The translation is dedicated to Count M. Vorontsov, who appreciated Lomonosov highly, and was of great importance in the history of the spread of education in Russia, since Lomonosov had to decorate scientific words that had not existed earlier in the Russian language.

These expressions and terms are completely in scientific use, so Lomonosov is the creator of the foundations of our scientific language.Having become a professor, Lomonosov began, as far as possible, to carry out his thoughts about the possibly widespread enlightenment in Russia. By virtue of the Senate Decree of October 17, the first lecture was very solemn, in the presence of many honorary listeners and the president of the Academy, then the recently appointed summer Count K.

lectures were given on Tuesdays and Fridays from 3 to 5 hours. These were the first public lectures in Russian; Lectures at the university were given in Latin, and the main goal of the academic gymnasium was the preparation of listeners for understanding these lectures. The views of Lomonosov to the university and on the production of teaching in it, expressed in the year when considering the project of the new Charter of the Academy, are also interesting.

He believed that the university should have three faculties: legal, medical and philosophical; "Not bad that the university and the Academy have any liberties, but especially for them to be dismissed from police posts." First grade students go to all lectures in order to have an idea of ​​all sciences and so that everyone could see what he has a tendency to; The second class - only on the sciences elected by them, the third - are determined to one professor, under the leadership of which are made by specialists in this science.

The literary activity of Lomonosov - the years went in the usual course: the days of the namesake, the birth of the empress were often celebrated by his odes, and illuminations - poetic inscriptions. Ode on the day of accession to the throne, brought by the empress gr. Razumovsky, Elizabeth liked so much that she granted Lomonosov rub. In the same year, his "brief guide to eloquence" appeared, which has long served as a prototype for rhetoric textbooks.

In the field of his profession, Lomonosov also made a lot; The most important work is the "theory of elastic air strength", which will be discussed next. In the year, L. Ayler, the famous mathematician, with whom Lomonosov was in a friendly correspondence, informed him of the competition for the prize arranged by the Berlin Academy of Sciences on the composition of the composition and birth of Selitra.

Lomonosov took part in the competition and wrote a dissertation, although the abundance of other cases is the equipment of the laboratory that I will say about, the birth of the daughter of Elena Mikhailovna, the only Lomonosov survivor from Lomonosov’s surviving children, barely poured him in Berlin by April 1, she was not awarded the award. The main and very important in the history of the development of chemical knowledge in Russia is the moment of Lomonosov’s activity of this period is the construction of a chemical laboratory.

He had long achieved this: the first idea of ​​the need to establish a chemical laboratory was presented in the year, and then the petitions about this were resumed almost every year, but all without success - all petitions deviated in the absence of money. The petition submitted in the city was especially motivated by success in the city, and on July 1, however, only two years later, in the fall of Gorbunov, under the supervision of Lomonosov, for the ruble.

This first Russian chemical scientific laboratory was placed in a separate stone structure between the first and second lines of the Vasilievsky Island, next to the house where Lomonosov lived. In the main vaulted room, a hearth with a wide chimney for smoke and harmful gases was arranged in the middle; In addition, there were two small rooms, in one of which lectures were given to students, scales stood and the results of experiments were recorded, and in the other there was a pantry for dishes and materials.